Old and new damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in autoimmune diseases

All organisms living in complex environments have evolved effective mechanisms of dynamic responses to extracellular stimuli. The immune system activates when damaged or injured cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In addition well-characterized DAMPs such as high-mobility group box 1 and adenosine triphosphate, studies on new classes emerged. Here, we review recent reports a class isoprenoid-derived DAMPs, including farnesyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, both which are pivotal metabolic intermediates the mevalonate pathway. We also explore roles old autoimmune diseases that result from dysregulated inflammation. findings highlight understanding functional is important enrich DAMP family decipher their immunoregulatory provide therapeutics for prevention treatment diseases.